Te Kōwhiri i te Whakapūmau PVC Tika mō ngā Tarpaulin Ātete-Huarere me ngā Hua o Waho

Mai i ngā tāpaureti papa hanga e ārai ana i ngā rauemi mai i te ua me te rā ki te Kanawe PVC taumaha e whakamahia ana mō ngā tuanui o waho me ngā taputapu puni, he tino whai hua ngā hua PVC ngāwari i roto i ngā mahi o waho. Ka pāngia ēnei hua e te ahotea mutunga kore: te werawera o te rā, te ua nui, te piki me te heke o te pāmahana, me te mau tonu o te tinana. He aha te mea e ārai ana i a rātou kia kore e pakaru, e memeha, e pakaru wawe rānei? Kei roto i te tāpiri nui te whakautu: ngā whakaū PVC. Mō te tāpaureti, te Kanawe PVC, me ētahi atu hua PVC o waho, ehara i te mea he whakaaro hanga noa iho te whiriwhiri i te whakaū tika - ko te turanga o te pono me te roa o te hua. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou he aha ngā whakaū PVC kāore e taea te whiriwhiri mō ngā taonga PVC o waho, ngā whakaaro matua mō te whiriwhiri i te mea tika, me te āhua o te tū a ēnei tāpiri ki ngā wero ahurei o te whakamahinga o waho.

He aha ngā hua PVC o waho e hiahia ana ki ngā whakaū motuhake

He rerekē ki ngā whakamahinga PVC o roto, e tiakina ana mai i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, ka pāngia ngā hua o waho e te awha tino pai o ngā mea e whakaoho ana i te pirau. He koretake te PVC i te pāmahana; ina tukatukahia, ina pāngia rānei e te wera i roto i te wā, ka tīmata te tuku i te hauwai pūhaumāota, ka tīmata he tauhohenga mekameka e pakaru ai te mekameka pūmua. Mō ngā hua o waho, ka tere ake tēnei tukanga e ngā āhuatanga matua e rua: te hihi ultraviolet (UV) mai i te rā me te huringa wera tonu—te hurihanga mai i te pāmahana wera o te awatea ki te pō matao.

He tino kino te hihi UV. Ka uru ki roto i te anga PVC, ka pakaru ngā hononga matū, ka puta te waikura whakaahua. Ka puta he tohu kitea o te pirau: te kōwhai, te pakarukaru, me te ngaronga o te ngāwari. Ko te tāpaurinī kāore i te whakapūmautia tika, ka tīmata pea te pakaru i muri i ētahi marama noa iho o te rā raumati, ka kore e whai hua mō te tiaki i ngā utanga. Waihoki, ko te PVC Kanawe e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taonga o waho, i ngā taupee rānei, ka pakari, ka ngawari ki te haehae, ka kore e tu atu i ngā hau ngawari. Ka whakanui ake te huringa wera i tēnei kino; i te mea ka whānui, ka whakawhāiti te PVC i ngā huringa pāmahana, ka puta ngā kapiti moroiti, ka māmā ake te uru atu o te hihi UV me te makuku ki te pūtake polymer. Tāpirihia te pānga ki te makuku, ngā matū (pēnei i ngā poke, i ngā maniua rānei), me te pakū ā-tinana, ā, e mārama ana he aha ngā hua PVC o waho me whakapūmau pakari kia tutuki ai ngā tumanakohanga roa o te ratonga o te 5–10 tau.

Te Mahi Maha-Āhua o ngā Whakapūmau PVC

He maha ngā āhuatanga o te mahi a te kaiwhakaū PVC i roto i ēnei tono. Haunga te mahi taketake o te whakakore i te hauwai pūhaumāota me te ārai i te pirau wera i te wā tukatuka, me whakarato e ngā kaiwhakaū mō te tāpaurin me te Kanawe PVC te tiaki UV mō te wā roa, te pupuri i te ngāwari, me te ātete ki te tangohanga e te wai, e ngā matū rānei. He mahi uaua tēnei, ā, kāore e taea e ngā kaiwhakaū katoa te mahi. Me wehewehe tātou i ngā momo whakaū PVC tino whai hua mō te tāpaurin o waho, te Kanawe PVC, me ngā hua e pā ana, me ō rātou kaha, ngā herenga, me ngā whakamahinga pai rawa atu.

• Ngā Whakapūmau Konupūmā-Konutea (Ca-Zn)

Ngā mea whakaū i te konupūmā-konutea (Ca-Zn)kua noho hei paerewa koura mō ngā hua PVC o waho, inā koa kua whakakorehia e te pēhanga ture ngā momo paitini kē atu. Ko ēnei whakaū kore-mata, kore-paitini e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o te ao pēnei i te REACH me te RoHS, e pai ai mō ngā taonga o waho e anga atu ana ki ngā kaihoko me ngā tāpaurini ahumahi. Ko te mea e pai ai ngā whakaū Ca-Zn mō te whakamahinga o waho ko tōna kaha ki te hanga me ngā tāpiringa mahi tahi e whakarei ake ana i te ātete UV. Ina honoa ki ngā mimiti UV (pēnei i te benzotriazoles, benzophenones rānei) me ngā whakaū mārama amine ārai (HALS), ka hangaia e ngā pūnaha Ca-Zn he parenga whānui ki te wera me te pirau whakaahua.

Mō ngā tāpaurin PVC ngāwari me ngā tāpaurin PVC Kanawe, e hiahia ana kia tino ngāwari me te ātete ki te pakaru, he tino pai ngā whakapūmau Ca-Zn nā te mea kāore e whakararu i ngā āhuatanga kirihou o te rauemi. Kāore i rite ki ētahi whakapūmau ka taea te whakapakeke i roto i te wā, ko ngā ranunga Ca-Zn kua tika te hanga ka mau tonu te ngāwari o te PVC ahakoa kua maha ngā tau o te noho ki waho. He pai hoki te ātete ki te tango wai—he mea nui mō ngā hua e mākū pinepine ana, pērā i ngā tāpaurin ua. Ko te whakaaro matua mō ngā whakapūmau Ca-Zn ko te whakarite kia rite te hanganga ki ngā tikanga tukatuka motuhake; he maha ngā wā ka tukatukahia te PVC ngāwari mō ngā tāpaurin i ngā pāmahana iti iho (140–170°C) i te PVC pakari, ā, me arotau te whakapūmau mō tēnei awhe hei karo i te pakaru o te pereti, i ngā hapa mata rānei.

• Ngā Whakaū Organotin

Ngā mea whakaū o te organotinhe kōwhiringa anō hoki, inā koa mō ngā hua o waho e mahi nui ana e hiahia ana kia tino mārama, kia tino ātete rānei ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Ka tukuna e ēnei whakaū te pumau wera pai rawa atu me te iti o te hekenga, e pai ai mō ngā tāpaurin mārama, āhua-mārama rānei (pēnei i ngā mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā whare kati kōtuhi) ina hiahiatia te mārama. Ka whakaratohia hoki e rātou te pumau UV pai ina honoa ki ngā tāpiringa tika, ahakoa he maha ngā wā ka rite te mahi ki tēnei wāhanga ki ngā whakatakotoranga Ca-Zn matatau. Ko te ngoikoretanga matua o ngā whakaū organotin ko te utu—he nui ake te utu i ngā momo Ca-Zn, e whakawhāiti ana i tā rātou whakamahinga ki ngā tono utu nui kaua ki ngā tāpaurin taonga, ki ngā hua PVC Kanawe rānei.

• Ngā Whakapūmau Barium-Cadmium (Ba-Cd)

I mua, he mea noa ngā whakaū Barium-Cadmium (Ba-Cd) i roto i ngā tono PVC ngāwari, tae atu ki ngā hua o waho, nā te mea he pai te pumau ki te wera me te UV. Heoi, kua tino heke te whakamahinga nā ngā āwangawanga taiao me te hauora—he konganuku taumaha paitini te cadmium e herea ana e ngā ture o te ao. I ēnei rā, kua tawhito te nuinga o ngā whakaū Ba-Cd mō te nuinga o ngā hua PVC o waho, inā koa ko ērā e hokona ana i te EU, Amerika Te Raki, me ētahi atu mākete kua whakahaeretia. I roto noa i ngā rohe kāore i whakahaeretia, i ngā tono motuhake rānei, ka taea tonu te whakamahi, engari he nui ake ngā mōrearea i ō rātou painga mō te nuinga o ngā kaihanga.

Ripanga Whakataurite o ngā Whakapūmau PVC Noa

Ngā Whakaaro Matua mō te Kōwhiri i ngā Whakapūmau PVC

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahiWhakapūmau PVCmō te tāpare, te PVC kānawehi, me ētahi atu hua o waho, he maha ngā mea nui hei whakaaroaro māu i tua atu i te momo whakaū anake.

• Te Whakatutukitanga o ngā Ture

Ko te mea tuatahi, ko te tutuki i ngā ture. Mena ka hokona ō hua ki te EU, ki Amerika Te Raki, ki ētahi atu mākete nui rānei, me whai i ngā kōwhiringa kore-mata me te kore-cadmium pērā i te Ca-Zn, te organotin rānei. Mēnā kāore e tutuki i ngā ture, ka hua ake he whiu, he whakahokinga mai i ngā hua, me te kino o te ingoa pai—he utu nui atu i ngā penapena poto mai i te whakamahi i ngā whakaū kua tawhito.

• Ngā Āhuatanga Taiao Whāinga

Ko te mea e whai ake nei ko ngā āhuatanga taiao motuhake ka pā ki te hua. Ko te tāpaurin e whakamahia ana i te āhuarangi koraha, he kaha te hihi UV me te pikinga o te pāmahana, me whai kete whakaū UV pakari ake i te mea e whakamahia ana i te rohe mahana, kapua. Waihoki, ko ngā hua e pāngia ana e te wai tote (pērā i ngā tāpaurin moana) me whai whakaū e ātete ana ki te waikura me te tango tote. Me mahi tahi ngā kaihanga me tā rātou kaiwhakarato whakaū ki te whakarite i te whakatakotoranga ki te taiao e hiahiatia ana—tērā pea ko te whakarerekē i te ōwehenga o ngā mimiti UV ki te HALS, te tāpiri rānei i ētahi atu antioxidants hei ārai i te pirau waikura.

• Te Pupuri i te Ngāwari

Ko te pupuri i te ngāwari tētahi atu āhuatanga e kore e taea te whiriwhiri mō ngā tāpaurin me te PVC Kanawe. Ka whakawhirinaki ēnei hua ki te ngāwari kia taea ai te tākai, te whakapiko, me te totoro me te kore e haehae. Me mahi tahi te whakaū me ngā mea whakapūmau i roto i te hanganga PVC kia mau tonu ai tēnei ngāwari i roto i te wā. He tino whai hua ngā whakaū Ca-Zn ki konei nā te mea he iti te taunekeneke ki ngā mea whakapūmau noa e whakamahia ana i roto i te PVC o waho, pērā i ngā mea rerekē kāore he phthalate pērā i te dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) te hinu pīni soya epoxidized rānei (ESBO). Mā tēnei hototahi ka kore e mimiti, e pirau rānei te mea whakapūmau, ka arahi pea ki te whakapakeke wawe.

• Ngā Tikanga Tukatuka

He wāhi nui anō hoki ngā āhuatanga tukatuka ki te whiriwhiri i ngā mea whakapūmau. Ko ngā tāpaurin me ngā PVC Kanawe ka hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā tukanga whakatārewatanga, paninga-whakaputa rānei, e uru ana ki te whakamahana i te PVC ki ngā pāmahana i waenga i te 140–170°C. Me whakarato te mea whakapūmau i te tiaki wera e ranea ana i roto i ēnei tukanga hei ārai i te pirau i mua i te wehenga atu o te hua i te wheketere. Ka taea e te whakapūmau rawa te arahi ki ngā take pēnei i te pereti-waho (te wāhi e puta ai ngā putunga whakapūmau ki ngā taputapu tukatuka) te hekenga rānei o te rere rewa, ko te kore whakapūmau ka hua ake he hua kua ngaro te tae, kua pakarukaru rānei. Ko te kimi i te taurite tika me whakamātautau i te mea whakapūmau i roto i ngā āhuatanga tukatuka tika e whakamahia ana mō te whakaputa.

• Te Whai Hua o te Utu

He mea nui te whakaaro ki te utu, engari he mea nui kia tirohia te tirohanga roa. Ahakoa he nui ake te utu o mua mō ngā pūnaha whakaū Ca-Zn i ngā pūnaha Ba-Cd kua tawhito, ko te tutuki i ngā ture me te kaha ki te whakaroa i te roa o te ora o te hua ka whakaiti i te utu katoa o te mana pupuri. Hei tauira, ka roa te ora o tētahi tāpaurin kua whakaūtia mō te 5–10 tau, ko tētahi kāore i te whakaūtia ka pakaru pea i roto i te 1–2 tau—ka nui ake te maha o ngā whakakapinga me te kore e pai o te kaihoko. Ko te haumi ki tētahi whakaū Ca-Zn kounga teitei me te kete UV kua whakaritea he kōwhiringa whai hua mō ngā kaihanga e rapu ana ki te hanga ingoa mō te roa.

Ngā Tauira Whakatakotoranga Whaihua

• Tarpaulin PVC Taumaha mō ngā Pae Hanga

Hei whakaatu i te hononga o ēnei whakaaro i roto i te mahi, me titiro tātou ki tētahi tauira o te ao tūturu: te hanga i tētahi tāpaurin PVC taumaha mō te whakamahinga i ngā papa hanga. Me ātete ngā tāpaurin hanga ki te hihi UV kaha, te ua nui, te hau, me te pakū ā-tinana. Ko tētahi whakatakotoranga noa ko: 100 wāhanga taumaha (phr) te kapia PVC ngāwari, te kirihou kore-phthalate 50 phr (DOTP), te ranunga whakaū Ca-Zn 3.0–3.5 phr (me ngā mimiti UV me te HALS kua whakauruhia), te antioxidant 2.0 phr, te hauhā titanium 5 phr (mō te tiaki UV me te opacity tāpiri), me te hinu whakahinuhinu 1.0 phr. Ko te ranunga whakaū Ca-Zn te tūāpapa o tēnei whakatakotoranga—ko ōna wāhanga matua ka whakakore i te hauwai pūhaumāota i te wā e tukatukahia ana, ko ngā mimiti UV ka ārai i ngā hihi UV kino, ā, ka kohia e te HALS ngā rauropi kore utu i hangaia e te photo-oxidation.

I te wā e tukatukahia ana mā te maramataka, ka whakamahanahia te matū PVC ki te 150–160°C. Ka ārai te whakaū i te tae me te pirau i tēnei pāmahana, kia mau ai he kiriata kounga teitei, pumau. I muri i te hanga, ka whakamatautauria te tāpaurin mō te ātete ki te UV mā te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau huarere tere (pērā i te ASTM G154), e whakatauira ana i te 5 tau o te whakaaturanga o waho i roto i ētahi wiki noa iho. Ka mau tonu i te 80% o tōna kaha kume me te ngāwari o te tāpaurin kua pai te hanga me te whakaū Ca-Zn tika i muri i ēnei whakamātautau, ko te tikanga ka taea e ia te tu atu ki ngā tau maha o te whakamahinga i te papa hanga.

• PVC kānawehi mō ngā Āwhata me ngā Taupoki o Waho

Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te PVC Kanawe e whakamahia ana mō ngā taupee me ngā tuanui o waho. Me taurite te pakari me te ataahua o ēnei hua—me ātete ki ngā kino o te hihi UV, me te pupuri tonu i te tae me te āhua. He maha ngā wā kei roto i te hanganga mō te PVC Kanawe he taumata teitei ake o te tae (mō te pupuri tae) me te kete whakaū Ca-Zn kua arotauhia mō te ātete ki te hihi UV. Ka mahi tahi te whakaū me te tae hei aukati i te hihi UV, hei ārai i te kōwhai me te memeha o te tae. Hei tāpiri, mā te hototahi o te whakaū me te plasticizer ka noho ngāwari tonu te PVC Kanawe, ka taea ai te takai ake me te heke i ngā wā katoa me te kore e pakaru.

Ngā Pātai Auau

P1: He aha te hiranga o ngā whakaū PVC mō ngā hua PVC o waho?

A1: Ka pāngia ngā hua PVC o waho e te hihi UV, te huringa wera, te makuku, me te pakū, ka tere ake te pirau o te PVC (hei tauira, te kōwhai, te pakarukaru). Ka whakakorea e ngā whakaū PVC te hauwai pūhaumāota, ka ārai i te pirau wera/whakaahua, ka pupuri i te ngāwari, ka ātete ki te tango, ka whakarite kia tutuki ngā hua i te 5–10 tau o te ora ratonga.

Q2: Ko tēhea momo whakaū e tino pai ana mō te nuinga o ngā hua PVC o waho?

A2: Ko ngā whakapūmau konupūmā-konutea (Ca-Zn) te paerewa koura. Kāore he mata, he rite ki te REACH/RoHS, he ngāwari tonu, he pai te tiaki UV me ngā hononga honohono, ā, he iti te utu, he pai mō ngā tāpaurini, te PVC kānawehi, ngā taupee, me ngā taputapu puni.

Q3: Āhea me whiriwhiri ngā whakaū organotin?

A3: He pai ngā whakaū o te organotin mō ngā hua o waho e tino mahi ana, e hiahia ana kia tino mārama (hei tauira, ngā tāpaurini whare kati kōtuhi) me te ātete rānei ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Heoi, he iti noa iho te utu mō ngā tono nui.

P4: He aha i kore ai e whakamahia ngā whakaū Ba-Cd i ēnei rā?

A4: He paitini ngā whakaū Ba-Cd (he konganuku taumaha herea te cadmium) ā, kāore e tutuki i ngā ture a te EU/NA. He nui ake ngā mōrearea taiao me te hauora i tō rātou pumau wera/UV i mua, ā, kua tawhitotia mō te nuinga o ngā tono.

Q5: He aha ngā āhuatanga hei whakaaroaro māu i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi whakaū?

A5: Ko ngā āhuatanga matua ko te tutuki i ngā ture (he mea whakahau mō ngā mākete nui), ngā āhuatanga taiao e whai ana (hei tauira, te kaha o te UV, te pānga ki te wai tote), te pupuri i te ngāwari, te hototahi ki ngā āhuatanga tukatuka (140–170°C mō ngā tāpaurin/PVC Kanawe), me te whai huatanga utu mō te wā roa.

Q6: Me pēhea te whakarite kia mahi te whakaū mō ngā hua motuhake?

A6: Mahi tahi me ngā kaiwhakarato ki te whakarite i ngā hanganga, te whakamātautau i raro i te tere o te huarere (hei tauira, ASTM G154), te arotau i ngā tawhā tukatuka, me te manatoko i te tutuki i ngā ture. Ka whakaratohia e ngā kaiwhakarato pono te tautoko hangarau me ngā raraunga whakamātautau huarere.