Ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa i roto i te Tukatuka PVC, ā rātou Mahi me te Tikanga

He rongonui te Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) mō tōna ngāwari ki te whakamahi, tōna whai huatanga, me tōna ngāwari ki te urutau ki ngā hua mutunga maha - mai i ngā rauemi hanga ki ngā taputapu hauora me ngā taonga kaihoko. Heoi, kei roto i tēnei rauemi e whakamahia whānuitia ana tētahi ngoikoretanga nui: te kore pumau o te wera. Ina pāngia e ngā pāmahana teitei (160–200°C) e hiahiatia ana mō te extrusion, te werohanga, te calendering rānei, ka pāngia te PVC e tētahi tukanga dehydrochlorination whakangaro. Ka tukuna e tēnei tauhohenga te waikawa hydrochloric (HCl), he whakakorikori e whakaoho ana i tētahi tauhohenga mekameka e mau tonu ana, ka arahi ki te pirau rauemi e tohuhia ana e te tae ke, te pakarukaru, me te ngaronga o te kaha miihini. Hei whakaiti i tēnei take me te iriti i te kaha katoa o te PVC, he tāpiritanga kore e taea te whiriwhiri ngā whakaū wera. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā Whakaū Hopi Metara te mea nui, e whakanuia ana mō tōna whai huatanga, te hototahitanga, me te whānui o te whakamahinga. I roto i tēnei blog, ka rukuhia e mātou te tūranga me te tikanga o ngā Whakaū Hopi Metara i roto i te tukatuka PVC, ka whakamārama i ngā tauira matua pēnei i ngā whakatakotoranga PVC Zinc stearate, ka tūhura i ā rātou tono ao tūturu puta noa i ngā ahumahi kanorau.

Tuatahi, me whakamārama tātou he ahaNgā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewakei roto. Ko ēnei mea whakaū he matū whakarewa waro i hangaia mā te tauhohenga o ngā waikawa ngako (pēnei i te waikawa stearic, te waikawa lauric, te waikawa oleic rānei) me ngā waikura whakarewa, ngā hauwaiwai rānei. Ko ngā "hōpi" ka puta he kationa whakarewa—ko te tikanga mai i ngā rōpū 2 (ngā konganuku whenua kawakore pēnei i te konupūmā, te barium, te konupora rānei) te 12 rānei (te konutea, te cadmium) o te ripanga ā-wā—kua herea ki te anion waikawa ngako mekameka-roa. Ko tēnei hanganga matū ahurei te mea e āhei ai tā rātou mahi takirua ki te whakaū PVC: te tango i te HCl me te whakakapi i ngā ngota chlorine koretake i roto i te mekameka polymer PVC. Kāore i rite ki ngā mea whakaū kore-waro, he lipophilic ngā Mea Whakaū Hōpi Metara, ko te tikanga ka hanumi pai ki te PVC me ētahi atu tāpiringa waro (pēnei i ngā plasticizer), ka whakarite i te mahi ōrite puta noa i te rauemi. Ko tā rātou hototahi ki ngā hanganga PVC pakari me te ngāwari ka whakaū ake i tō rātou mana hei whiringa matua mā ngā kaihanga.

Ko te tikanga mahi a ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa he tukanga matatini, maha-taahiraa e aro ana ki ngā pūtake o te pirau o te PVC. Hei mārama, me arotake tuatahi tātou he aha te pirau o te PVC i te wera. Kei roto i te mekameka ngota o te PVC ngā "ngā hapa"—ngā ngota chlorine koretake e piri ana ki ngā ngota waro tuatoru, ki te taha rānei o ngā hononga takirua. Ko ēnei hapa ngā tīmatanga mō te tango i te waikura ina wera. I te tukunga o te HCl, ka whakaoho i te tango atu i ngā ngota HCl, ka hanga hononga takirua honohono i te mekameka polymer. Ka mimiti ēnei hononga takirua i te mārama, ka huri te rauemi ki te kōwhai, ki te karaka, ki te mangu rānei, i te mea ka whakaitihia e te hanganga mekameka whati te kaha kume me te ngāwari.

 

 

E rua ngā huarahi matua e uru atu ai ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa ki tēnei tukanga. Tuatahi, ka mahi rātou hei kaiwhakakore HCl (e kiia ana hoki he kaiwhiwhi waikawa). Ka tauhohe te cation whakarewa i roto i te hopi ki te HCl hei hanga i te konupora konupora pumau me te waikawa ngako. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā pūnaha PVC Zinc stearate, ka tauhohe te konupora konupora ki te HCl hei hanga i te konupora konupora me te waikawa stearic. Mā te whakakore i te HCl, ka aukati te kaiwhakapūmau i te tauhohenga mekameka autocatalytic, ka ārai i te pirau atu. Tuarua, he maha ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa—ina koa ko ērā kei roto te konupora, te cadmium rānei—ka pāngia e te tauhohenga whakakapinga, ka whakakapi i ngā ngota konupora koretake i roto i te mekameka PVC ki te anion waikawa ngako. Ka hangaia he hononga ester pumau, ka whakakore i te hapa e tīmata ana i te pirau me te tiaki i te hanganga o te polymer. Mā tēnei mahi takirua—te whakakore waikawa me te taupoki hapa—ka tino whai hua ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa ki te aukati i te tae parauri tuatahi me te pupuri i te pumau wera mo te wa roa.

He mea nui kia mōhiotia kāore he Pūmau Hopi Whakarewa kotahi e tino tika ana mō ngā mahi katoa. Engari, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga ngā ranunga mahi tahi o ngā hopi whakarewa rerekē hei whakapai ake i te mahi. Hei tauira, ko ngā hopi kei roto te konutea (pēnei iKonutea stearate) he tino pai ki te pupuri tae wawe, ka tere te tauhohe ki te ārai i ngā ngota chlorine koretake, me te ārai i te kōwhai. Heoi, ko te konutea konutea—he hua o tā rātou mahi tango waikawa—he waikawa Lewis ngawari ka taea te whakatairanga i te pirau i ngā pāmahana teitei, i ngā wā tukatuka roa rānei (he āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te "wera konutea"). Hei ārai i tēnei, he maha ngā wā ka whakaranua ngā hopi konutea ki ngā hopi konupūmā, ki ngā hopi barium rānei. He iti ake te whai hua o ngā hopi konupūmā me te barium ki te pupuri tae wawe engari he pai ake ngā tango HCl, ka whakakore i te konutea konutea me ētahi atu hua waikawa. Ka hangaia e tēnei ranunga he pūnaha taurite: ka whakarite te konutea i te tae kanapa tuatahi, ko te konupūmā/barium e whakarato ana i te pumau wera mo te wā roa. Hei tauira, ko ngā hanganga PVC konutea stearate he maha ngā wā ka whakaurua te konupūmā stearate hei whakaiti i te wera konutea me te whakaroa i te matapihi tukatuka o te rauemi.

Hei mārama ake i te kanorau o ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa me ā rātou whakamahinga, me tirotiro tātou i ngā momo noa, ō rātou āhuatanga, me ngā whakamahinga noa i roto i te tukatuka PVC. Kei te ripanga i raro nei ngā tauira matua, tae atu ki te Zinc stearate, me tā rātou mahi i roto i te PVC pakari me te ngāwari:

 

 

E ai ki te ripanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te konutea stearate PVC i ngā momo hanganga pakari me ngā momo hanganga ngāwari, nā te mea he maha ngā whakamahinga me te kaha o te tae wawe. Hei tauira, i roto i te kiriata PVC ngāwari mō te takai kai, ka whakaranua te konutea stearate ki te konupūmā stearate hei whakarite kia mārama, kia pumau hoki te kiriata i te wā e whakatōngia ana, me te tutuki i ngā ture haumaru kai. I roto i ngā kōtaha matapihi PVC pakari, ka āwhina te konutea stearate ki te pupuri i te tae mā kanapa o te kōtaha, ahakoa ka tukatukahia i ngā pāmahana teitei, ā, ka mahi tahi me te barium stearate hei tiaki i te huarere mō te wā roa.

 

 

Kia ruku hohonu tātou ki ngā āhuatanga tono motuhake hei whakaatu i te kaha o ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa, tae atu ki te Konutea stearate, ki te whakatairanga i te mahi i roto i ngā hua PVC o te ao tūturu. Tīmata ki te PVC pakari: ko ngā paipa me ngā taputapu kei roto i ngā hua PVC pakari tino noa, ā, me whai whakapūmau ka taea te tu atu i ngā pāmahana tukatuka teitei me te whakarato i te roa o te mau i roto i ngā taiao uaua (hei tauira, i raro i te whenua, i te wā e pāngia ana e te wai). Ko te pūnaha whakapūmau noa mō ngā paipa PVC kei roto ko te ranunga o te konupūmā stearate (te kaihoroi waikawa tuatahi), te Konutea stearate (te pupuri tae wawe), me te barium stearate (te pumau wera mo te wa roa). Mā tēnei ranunga ka whakarite kia kore ngā paipa e memeha te tae i te wā e tangohia ana, kia mau tonu te hanganga i raro i te pēhanga, ā, kia ātete ki te pirau mai i te makuku oneone me ngā huringa pāmahana. Ki te kore tēnei pūnaha whakapūmau, ka pakarukaru, ka pakarukaru ngā paipa PVC i roto i te wā, ka kore e tutuki i ngā paerewa ahumahi mō te haumaru me te roa o te ora.

Ko ngā tono PVC ngāwari, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mea hanga kirihou hei whakatutuki i te ngāwari o te whakangawari, he wero motuhake mō ngā mea whakau - me hototahi ki ngā mea hanga kirihou, kaua hoki e heke ki te mata o te hua. He tino pai te konutea stearate i konei, nā te mea he hototahi tōna mekameka waikawa ngako ki ngā mea hanga kirihou noa pēnei i te dioctyl phthalate (DOP) me te diisononyl phthalate (DINP). Hei tauira, i roto i te whakamarumaru taura PVC ngāwari, ko te ranunga o te konutea stearate me te konupūmā stearate ka whakarite kia noho ngāwari te whakamarumaru, kia ātete ki te whakahekenga wera i te wā e whakaputa ana, ā, ka pupuri i ngā āhuatanga whakamarumaru hiko i roto i te wā. He mea nui tēnei mō ngā taura e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi, i ngā whare rānei, i reira ka taea e ngā pāmahana teitei (mai i te iahiko hiko, i ngā āhuatanga taiao rānei) te whakaheke i te PVC, ka arahi ki ngā ara iahiko poto, ki ngā mōrearea ahi rānei. Ko tētahi atu tono PVC ngāwari matua ko te papa - ka whakawhirinaki ngā papa vinyl ki ngā Mea Hanga Hopi Miro hei pupuri i tōna ōritetanga tae, tōna ngāwari, me tōna ātete ki te kakahu me te haehae. Ko te konutea stearate, ina koa, ka āwhina i te aukati i te kōwhai o ngā papa tae mārama, kia mau tonu tōna ataahua mō ngā tau.

Ko te PVC Hauora tētahi atu rāngai e whai wāhi nui ana ngā Kaiwhakaū Hopi Whakarewa, me ngā whakaritenga tino pakari mō te kore-paitini me te hototahitanga koiora. I konei, he maha ngā wā ka ahu mai ngā pūnaha whakaū i ngā hopi konupūmā me te konutea (tae atu ki te Konutea stearate) nā te iti o te paitini, ka whakakapi i ngā whakaū tawhito, kino pērā i te mata, i te cadmium rānei. Ko ngā ngongo PVC hauora (e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā raina IV, ngā catheter, me ngā taputapu dialysis) me whai whakaū kāore e mimiti ki roto i ngā wai tinana, ā, ka taea te tu atu ki te whakahoromata mamaoa. Ko te konutea stearate, i konatunatua ki te konupora stearate, ka whakarato i te pumau wera e tika ana i te wā tukatuka me te whakahoromata, me te whakarite kia noho ngāwari, kia mārama hoki ngā ngongo. Ka tutuki tēnei huinga i ngā paerewa pakari o ngā whakahaere ture pērā i te FDA me te REACH a te EU, ka waiho hei whiringa haumaru mō ngā tono hauora.

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi pūnaha Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa mō te tukatuka PVC, me whai whakaaro ngā kaihanga ki ētahi āhuatanga matua. Tuatahi, ko te momo PVC (pakari, ngāwari rānei) e whakatau ana i te hototahitanga o te whakapūmau ki ngā mea whakarewa—ko ngā whakatakotoranga ngāwari me whakamahi i ngā mea whakarewa pērā i te Konutearata e pai ana te whakaranu ki ngā mea whakarewa, ko ngā whakatakotoranga pakari ia ka taea te whakamahi i te whānuitanga o ngā hopi whakarewa. Tuarua, ko ngā āhuatanga tukatuka (pāmahana, wā noho) ka pā ki te mahi a te whakapūmau: ko ngā tukanga pāmahana teitei (hei tauira, te whakaputanga o ngā paipa matotoru) me whakamahi i ngā mea whakarewa me te pumau wera roa, pērā i ngā ranunga konutearata barium. Tuatoru, he mea nui ngā whakaritenga hua mutunga (tae, paitini, ātete huarere)—ko ngā tono kai, hauora rānei me whakamahi i ngā mea whakarewa kore-paitini (ranunga konupūmā/konutea), ko ngā tono o waho me whakamahi i ngā mea whakarewa e ātete ana ki te pirau UV (he maha ngā wā ka whakaranua ki ngā mea mimiti UV). Hei whakamutunga, he mea whakaaro te utu: ko te konupūmā te konutearata te kōwhiringa tino ohanga, ko ngā hopi konutearata me te barium he paku utu nui ake engari he pai ake te mahi i roto i ngā wāhanga motuhake.

Ki te titiro whakamua, ko te heke mai o ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa i roto i te tukatuka PVC ka hangaia e ngā au matua e rua: te pumau me te pēhanga ture. Kei te kaha te aukati a ngā kāwanatanga o te ao i ngā whakapūmau paitini (pēnei i te mata me te cadmium), e akiaki ana i te tono mō ngā momo kore-paitini pēnei i te ranunga konupūmā-konutea, tae atu ki ngā hanganga PVC Zinc stearate. Hei tāpiri, ko te pana mō ngā kirihou pumau ake kei te ārahi i ngā kaihanga ki te whakawhanake i ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa e ahu mai ana i te koiora—hei tauira, te waikawa stearic i ahu mai i ngā puna whakahou pēnei i te hinu nikau, te hinu pīni rānei—e whakaiti ana i te tapuwae waro o te hanga PVC. Ko ngā auahatanga i roto i te hangarau whakapūmau kei te arotahi hoki ki te whakapai ake i te mahi: ko ngā ranunga hou o ngā hopi whakarewa me ngā kaiwhakapūmau-tahi (pēnei i ngā matū epoxy, i ngā phosphites rānei) kei te whakarei ake i te pumau wera, te whakaiti i te hekenga i roto i te PVC ngāwari, me te whakaroa i te roa o te mahi o ngā hua mutunga.

He mea nui ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa ki te tukatuka PVC, e aro ana ki te kore pumau o te wera o te polymer mā roto i tā rātou mahi takirua hei kaihoroi HCl me ngā kaihoko taupoki hapa. Ko tō rātou whakamahinga maha - mai i ngā paipa PVC pakari ki te whakamarumaru taura ngāwari me ngā ngongo hauora - i ahu mai i tō rātou hototahi ki te PVC me ētahi atu tāpiringa, me te kaha ki te whakarite i ngā ranunga mō ngā tono motuhake. Ko te konutea stearate, ina koa, he kaitākaro matua i roto i ēnei pūnaha, e tuku ana i te pupuri tae wawe pai me te hototahi ki ngā whakatakotoranga pakari me ngā whakatakotoranga ngāwari. I te mea kei te whakatairanga tonu te umanga PVC i te pumau me te haumaru, ka noho tonu ngā Whakapūmau Hopi Whakarewa (ina koa ko ngā ranunga konupūmā-konutea kore-paitini) ki mua, ka taea ai te whakaputa hua PVC kounga teitei, pakari e tutuki ai ngā tono o ngā ahumahi me ngā ture hou. He mea nui te mārama ki tā rātou tikanga mahi me ngā whakaritenga tono-motuhake mō ngā kaihanga e titiro ana ki te iriti i te kaha katoa o te PVC me te whakarite i te mahi hua me te tutuki.