Ngā Whakapūmau PVC e Whakakaha ana i ngā Waea me ngā Taura Pono i roto i ngā Pūnaha Hiko

I roto i te ao o ngā hanganga hiko, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana te taura PVC hei rauemi pai mō te whakamahana me te hipoki. Ko tōna rongonuitanga i ahu mai i ngā painga maha, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga whakamahana hiko pai rawa atu, te ātete mura, te ātete ki ngā matū, me te whai huatanga utu. Heoi, he iti noa iho ngā herenga o tēnei pūhui maha-whakamahinga: ka ngawari ki te pirau wera ina pāngia e ngā pāmahana teitei o te tukatuka extrusion (mai i te 170–180 °C) me te ahotea mahi roa.

Koinei te wāhiNgā Whakapūmau PVCmōWaea me ngā Taurahei wāhanga nui. E rua ngā mahi a ēnei tāpiri: ehara i te mea ka ārai noa i te tukunga o te hauwai pūhaumāota (HCl) i te wā tukatuka engari ka tiaki hoki i te taura PVC mai i te koroheketanga, te hihi o te rā, me te horo o te taiao. Mā te mahi pera, ka whakarite i te pono me te roa o te ora o ngā taura hiko, koinei ngā pūtake e whakakaha ana i ngā whare noho, ngā whare ahumahi, me ngā kaupapa pūngao whakahou.

Te Whanaketanga o ngā Whakapūmau PVC i Ārahihia e ngā Ture Taiao

Ko te hiranga o ngā mea whakaū PVC i roto i ngā taura hiko he nui atu i te tiaki wera noa iho. I roto i ngā tono hiko, ahakoa te iti o te pakaru o te Taura PVC ka pā he hua kino, pērā i te pakaru o te whakamarumaru, te poto o ngā ara iahiko, tae atu ki ngā tūponotanga ahi. I te mea ka kaha haere te kaha o ngā ture taiao o te ao, ko te whenua oNgā Whakapūmau PVC mō ngā Waea me ngā Taurakua tino rerekē te āhua. Kei te neke atu te umanga i ngā whakatakotoranga paitini tuku iho ki ngā huarahi kē atu e pai ana mō te taiao e taurite ana i waenga i te mahi, te haumaru, me te tutuki i ngā ture.

He mea nui ngā anga ture matua i roto i tēnei panonitanga. Nā te ture REACH a te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, te Mahere Tau Rima 14 a Haina mō te Ahumahi Tukatuka Kirihou, me ngā paerewa ā-rohe pēnei i te AS/NZS 3,808, kua tere ake te whakakorenga o ngā whakapūmau kei roto te mata me te cadmium. Nā tēnei kua akiaki ngā kaihanga ki te haumi me te whakamahi i ngā otinga whakapūmau matomato, pumau ake.

Ngā Momo Whakapūmau PVC Matua me ngā Momo Whakapūmau Hou

•Ngā Whakapūmau Hiko Konupūmā-Konutea (Ca/Zn)

Ngā mea whakaū hiato konupūmā-konutea (Ca/Zn)kua puta ake hei kōwhiringa matua mō ngā tono taura PVC, e 42% o te kaha whakaputa o te ao i te tau 2025. E whānuitia ana te whakaae ki ēnei mea nā te mea kāore e paitini, nā te tutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru pā kai me te haumaru hiko, me te tikanga mahi tahi ahurei.

Ngā hopi konuteaKa ārai i te rerekētanga o te tae tuatahi mā te tauhohe ki te allyl chloride i runga i ngā mekameka PVC, i te mea ka mimitihia e ngā hopi konupūmā ngā hua taha o te konutea chloride hei ārai i te tukunga o te HCl catalytic. Ka whakareihia ake tēnei mahi tahi e ngā kaitautoko-whakaū pērā i ngā polyol me ngā β-diketone, ka tata ai tō rātou pumau wera ki tērā o ngā tote mata tuku iho.

Heoi anō, kāore he ngoikoretanga o ngā pūnaha Ca/Zn. E 1.5 ki te 2 ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te nui o ngā tote mata, ā, he ngāwari ki te puāwai—he hapa mata ka taea te whakararu i te mahi a te Taura PVC. Waimarie, nā ngā whanaketanga hou o te whakarerekētanga nano, mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi pēnei i te graphene me te nano-silica, kua pai te whakaiti i ēnei take. Nā ēnei auahatanga kua roa ake te pumau o te wera oNgā mea whakaū Ca/Znki te 90% o ngā taumata tote mata, ā, kua whakapai ake i te ātete ki te kakahu tae atu ki te toru ngā wā.

•Ngā Whakaū Organotin

He mea nui tonu ngā whakaū o te organotin i roto i ngā tono PVC taura e hiahiatia ana, inā koa ka hiahiatia te mārama me te ātete wera nui. He tino pai ngā matū pēnei i te dioctyl tin maleate me te tin mercaptoacetate ki te whakakapi i ngā ngota chlorine kore pumau i roto i ngā mekameka PVC mā te here ngota whanariki, ka pehi i te hanganga o ngā polyene honohono e puta ai te tae kore.

Nā te tino hototahitanga ki te Cable PVC ka tino mārama, ka pai mō ngā taura hauora, te whakamarumaru mārama, me ngā wāhanga hiko tino tika. Kua whakaaetia e te US FDA mō ngā tono whakapā kai, ā, e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa tino pakari o te EU, ka tukuna e ngā whakaū organotin te kaha tukatuka tino pai ahakoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga uaua.

Heoi, ko ngā taupatupatu matua ko te utu me te hinu whakahinuhinu. E 3 ki te 5 ngā wā e nui ake ai te utu o ngā whakaū organotin i ngā pūnaha Ca/Zn, ā, nā te ngoikore o te hinu whakahinuhinu me whakaranu ki ngā hopi whakarewa hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputanga.

•Ngā Kaiwhakaū Whenua Onge

Ko ngā whakaū whenua onge, he auahatanga i ārahitia e Haina, kua huri hei kaupapa nui i roto i ngā mākete PVC taura waenga ki te utu nui. I runga i te lanthanum stearate me te cerium citrate, ka whakamahia e ēnei whakaū ngā porowhita kau o ngā huānga whenua onge hei taurite ki ngā ngota chlorine i roto i ngā mekameka PVC, ka aukati i te tukunga o te HCl me te mimiti i ngā rauropi kore utu.

Ina tāpirihia ki ngā pūnaha Ca/Zn, ki te hinu pīni soya rānei kua whakapūkaratia, ka piki ake te pumau o te wera mā te neke atu i te 30%, ka nui ake te pai ake i ngā hopi whakarewa tuku iho i te whakamahinga roa. Ahakoa he 15–20% te utu nui atu i ngā whakaū Ca/Zn, ka whakakorea e rātou ngā mōrearea poke whanariki, ā, ka tutuki hoki ngā whāinga kore waro. Nā tēnei ka waiho hei whiringa pai mō ngā taura hiko whakahou (hei tauira, te hiko photovoltaic me te hiko hau) me ngā waea motuka.

Nā te mana o Haina i roto i ngā rauemi onepū me ngā haumitanga R&D tonu, e matapaetia ana ka hopukina e ngā whakapūmau onepū te 12% o te mākete o te ao mō ngā Whakapūmau PVC mō ngā Waea me ngā Taura i te tau 2025.

Whakataurite Mahi o ngā Whakapūmau PVC Noa

Ka pā tika te mahi a ngā Whakapūmau PVC mō ngā Waea me ngā Taura ki ngā āhuatanga hangarau o te Taura PVC, e ai ki ngā paerewa o te ao pēnei i te AS/NZS 3808 me te IEC 60811. E whakataurite ana te ripanga e whai ake nei i ngā inenga mahi matua o ngā momo whakapūmau noa i roto i ngā tono whakamahana me te hipoki Taura PVC, hei tohutoro whai hua mā ngā kaihanga:

Ngā Ture Whakatutuki mō ngā Whakapūmau PVC

Haunga te mahi a ngā rauemi, ko te tutuki i ngā ture taiao e whanake haere ana te mea nui hei whakatau i te pai o te hua mō ngā kaihanga o ngā Whakapūmau PVC mō ngā Waea me ngā Taura. Nā te whakatikatika REACH o te tau 2025 (EU 2025/1731) i tāpiri 16 ngā matū CMR (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic) ki tana rārangi here, tae atu ki te dibutyltin oxide—e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whakapūmau taura PVC—me te rohenga kukū o te 0.3%.

Nā tēnei kua akiakihia ngā kaihanga ki te whakaaro anō ki ā rātou whakatakotoranga. Kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā totoka Ca/Zn iti-tukunga me ngā wai kore-phenol i ngā mākete Pākehā hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga VOC me te kounga o te hau. Mō ngā kaihokohoko, inā koa ko te hunga mai i Haina, kua noho hei mea nui te whakatere i te anga ture toru "REACH+RoHS+Eco-Design". Me whai i te mekameka tuku mai i te pito ki te pito me te whakamātautau a te hunga tuatoru hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga mō te taura PVC.

Kei raro nei ngā otinga kua whakaritea mō ngā wero noa e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā whakaū PVC, hei āwhina i te whakapakari i te pumau me te whai huatanga o ngā waea me ngā taura.

P1: I roto i te hanga o ngā waea me ngā taura whare whānui (he wāhanga matua i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko), he maha ngā raruraru puāwaitanga e pā ana ki ngā whakaū hiato Ca/Zn. Me pēhea te whakaoti pai i tēnei raruraru kia pono ai te hua?

A1: Ko te puāwaitanga o ngā whakapūmau hiato Ca/Zn ka whakararu i te kounga o te mata me te pono mō te wā roa o ngā waea me ngā taura hanga whare. Ko te nuinga o te take he inenga hē, he hototahi ngoikore rānei ki ētahi atu tāpiringa. Hei whakatika i tēnei me te whakarite i te mahi pumau o ngā taura pūnaha hiko, ka taea te mahi i ēnei mahi: Tuatahi, arotauhia te inenga whakapūmau. I runga i te tātai whakaputa tuturu, whakaitihia te inenga i roto i te awhe whakapūmau whai hua (kaua e neke atu i te rua te inenga o ngā tote mata) hei ārai i te nui rawa me te hekenga o ngā wāhanga. Tuarua, tīpakohia ngā whakapūmau Ca/Zn kua whakarerekētia nano. Ka taea e ngā hua kua whakarerekētia ki te graphene, ki te nano-silica rānei te whakapai ake i te hototahi ki ngā matrices PVC, te whakaiti i te hekenga o te mata o ngā wāhanga whakapūmau, me te whakarei ake i te pono whānui o ngā taura. Tuatoru, whakatikatikahia te ōwehenga whakapūmau-tahi. Whakanuia tika te tāpiri o ngā polyols, β-diketones rānei hei whakapakari i te pānga tahi me ngā whakapūmau Ca/Zn, te aukati i te hekenga o ngā wāhanga, me te whakapai ake i te pumau wera. Hei whakamutunga, whakahaere i ngā tawhā tukatuka. Āta karohia ngā pāmahana whakaputanga tino tiketike (e taunakitia ana kia noho i roto i te 170–180 °C) me te whakarite kia ōrite te ranunga o ngā rauemi hei ārai i te kohikohinga o ngā mea whakau, ka arahi pea tēnei ki te pua me te pā ki te mahi a te taura.

P2: Mō ngā waea me ngā taura hauora tino tika (e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko hauora) e hiahia ana kia mārama, ko ngā whakaū organotin te mea e whiriwhiria whānuitia ana, engari he tino teitei te utu whakaputa. He huarahi kē atu he iti te utu hei pupuri i te pono?

A2: Ko ngā whakaū o te organotin te mea e pai ake ana mō ngā waea me ngā taura hauora mārama nā te mea he tino mārama me te pumau o te wera, he mea nui mō te pono o te pūnaha hiko hauora. Hei whakataurite i te utu me te mahi, ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei kaupapa whai hua: Tuatahi, whakamahia he tauira whakakotahi. I raro i te kaupapa o te whakarite i te mārama, te pumau o te wera, me te hototahitanga koiora (he mea nui mō ngā tono hiko hauora), whakaranua ngā whakaū o te organotin me te iti o ngā whakaū Ca/Zn kounga teitei i te ōwehenga kua tūtohutia o te 7:3, 8:2 rānei. Ka whakaitihia ngā utu katoa me te pupuri tonu i te mahi matua e hiahiatia ana mō ngā taura hauora. Tuarua, tīpakohia ngā hua organotin tino parakore, tino whai hua. Ahakoa he paku teitei ake te utu kotahi, he iti ake te horopeta e hiahiatia ana, ka hua ake he utu whānui ake me te mahi pumau mō ngā taura pūnaha hiko. Tuatoru, arotauhia te whakahaere mekameka tuku. Whiriwhiria ki ngā kaiwhakarato mō ngā hekenga hoko nui, mahi tahi rānei me ngā umanga R&D ki te whakawhanake i ngā hua organotin iti te utu kua whakaritea e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa hiko hauora. He mea nui kia whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mahi tino pakari (te māramatanga, te pumau o te wera, te hototahitanga koiora) i te wā e whakakapi ana, e whakaranu ana rānei i ngā whakau kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga taura hauora, kia mau tonu ai hoki te pono o te pūnaha hiko.

P3: I te wā e hanga ana i ngā waea me ngā taura hiko whakahou (mō ngā pūnaha hiko hiko hou), me pēhea te whakarite kia tutuki i ngā whakaū whenua onge kua tohua ngā whakaritenga mō te kore waro me te pumau wera mō te wā roa hei tautoko i te mahi pono?

A3: Ka mahi ngā waea me ngā taura pūngao whakahou i roto i ngā taiao uaua (te pāmahana teitei, te haumākū, te hihi ultraviolet), nō reira me whakataurite ngā kaiwhakaū whenua onge i te kore waro me te pumau wera mō te wā roa kia mau ai te pono o te pūnaha hiko. Ko ngā mahi e whai ake nei e taunakihia ana: Tuatahi, whiriwhiria ngā kaiwhakaū whenua onge e pai ana ki te taiao. Whakatairangahia ngā hua e hangai ana ki te lanthanum stearate, te cerium citrate rānei mai i ngā kaihanga whaimana me ngā tiwhikete taiao e tika ana (hei tauira, te tutuki i ngā paerewa tukunga waro o te EU). Me whakarite kia kore he whanariki i ngā hua hei karo i te parahanga whanariki me te hangai ki ngā whāinga kore waro. Tuarua, whakamahia te hanganga hiato me te hinu pīni soya epoxidized. Ka taea e te ōwehenga hiato o te 1:0.5–1:1 te whakapai ake i te pumau wera neke atu i te 30%, te whakarei ake i te mahi taiao, me te whakaroa i te roa o te mahi a ngā taura i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko pūngao whakahou. Tuatoru, whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau pakeketanga roa. Whakatauirahia te taiao mahi tuturu o ngā taura pūngao whakahou (te pāmahana teitei, te haumākū, te hihi UV) hei manatoko ko te reiti pupuri kaha kume i muri i te pakeketanga kāore i raro iho i te 80%, me te tutuki i ngā paerewa o te ao pēnei i te IEC 60811. Hei whakamutunga, whakatinanahia te whai i ngā rauemi mata. Kōwhiria ngā pūmau whenua onge e ahu mai ana ngā rauemi mata i ngā umanga keri me te tukatuka e pai ana ki te taiao, me te whakarite kia tutuki te mekameka tuku katoa i ngā whakaritenga o te kore waro me te pupuri tonu i te pono o te taura.

P4: I te wā e kaweake ana i ngā waea me ngā taura PVC ki te mākete Pākehā, me pēhea te whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaū kua whakamahia ki te whakatikatika REACH 2025 (EU 2025/1731) me te pupuri i te pono o ngā tono pūnaha hiko?

A4: Ko te tutuki i te whakatikatika REACH 2025 he whakaritenga matua mō te kaweake i ngā waea me ngā taura PVC ki Ūropi, ā, e pā tika ana ki te haumaru me te pono o ngā taura i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko Ūropi. Me mahi ēnei mahi: Tuatahi, whakahaerehia he tirotiro whānui o ngā hanganga whakapūmau. Me whakarite kia kaua e neke ake i te 0.3% te ihirangi o ngā matū CMR 16 hou kua tāpirihia (pēnei i te dibutyltin oxide). E taunakihia ana kia whiriwhiria ngā whakapūmau totoka Ca/Zn iti-tukunga, ngā whakapūmau wai kore-phenol rānei kua paahitia te tiwhikete REACH, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea tutuki. Tuarua, whakatūria he pūnaha whai katoa o te mekameka tuku. Me whakarato e ngā kaiwhakarato ngā pūrongo whakamātautau whakapūmau (hei tauira, te kimi matū CMR tuatoru) me ngā tiwhikete pūtake rauemi mata hei whakarite kia tutuki i ia hononga ngā whakaritenga ture me te tautoko i te pono o ngā taura pūnaha hiko. Tuatoru, whakahaerehia he whakamātautau tutuki i mua i te kaweake. Tukuna ngā hua taura kua oti ki ngā umanga whakamātautau kua whakamanahia e te EU hei whakamātautau i ngā matū CMR, ngā tukunga VOC, me ētahi atu tohu matua, me te whakarite kia tutuki katoa i mua i te whakarewatanga. Hei whakamutunga, aroturukihia ngā whakahoutanga ture. Aroturukihia i te wā tika ngā huringa hihiri o REACH me ētahi atu ture e pā ana, me te whakarerekē i ngā whakatakotoranga whakau me te whakahaere mekameka tuku i te wā tika hei karo i ngā mōrearea ture me te pupuri i te whai huatanga o ngā taura i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko o Ūropi.