Te Kōwhiri i ngā Whakapūmau PVC mō te Angitu o te Whakaputa Paipa me te Kōtaha

Haere ki roto i tētahi papa hanga, i tētahi toa whakapaipai whare rānei, ka kitea e koe te PVC i ngā wāhi katoa—mai i ngā paipa e kawe ana i te wai i roto i ngā whare ki ngā kōtaha matapihi e hanga ana i ō tātou tirohanga. Ko te mea kāore i te mōhiotia e te tini o te tangata, ko te whakamahinga whānui o tēnei kirihou wera he mea nā tētahi toa marino: ngā mea whakaū PVC. Mō ngā tukanga whakaputa, inā koa, ko te whiriwhiri i te mea tikaWhakapūmau PVCehara i te mea ko te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga whakaputa anake; ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te hua pakari, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga me tētahi e hinga wawe ana.

Tuatahi, kia mārama tātou he aha ngā mea whakaū e kore e taea te whiriwhiri mō te whakaputanga PVC. Kāore i rite ki ētahi atu kirihou wera, he āhua kino te PVC: he iti te pumau o te wera. Ina werahia ki te pāmahana 160–200°C e rite ana ki te whakaputanga - ina koa mō ngā hua pakari pēnei i ngā paipa - ka tīmata te PVC ki te tuku i te hauwai pūhaumāota (HCl). Ka puta he tauhohenga mekameka o te pirau, ka puta te tae kore (whakaarohia te kōwhai, kātahi ka parauri, kātahi ka mangu) me te hekenga ohorere o te kaha miihini. Ki te kore e tirotirohia, ka pakarukaru te rauemi, ka kore e taea te whakamahi, me te kore e whakahua i te hau HCl waikura e kino ana ki ngā taputapu whakaputanga. Koinei te wāhi e uru mai ai ngā mea whakaū PVC. Ko tā rātou mahi matua he whakamutu i tēnei tukanga pirau - mā te whakakore i te HCl, te whakakapi i ngā ngota hau kore pumau i roto i te mekameka ngota PVC, te hopu rānei i ngā rauropi kore utu e tere ake ai te pakaru. Mō ngā tono paipa me ngā kōtaha, e hiahia ana kia roa te mau (he maha ngā tau 50+ mō ngā paipa paipa) me te mahi tonu, ehara i te mea he tāpiri noa te mea whakaū tika; he wāhanga taketake o te hanganga.

Mō te whakaputanga, kāore i te ōrite te hanga o ngā whakaū PVC katoa. Ko te kōwhiringa e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pāmahana tukatuka, te momo hua, ngā whakaritenga ture, me te utu. Me wehewehe tātou i ngā momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga paipa me te kōtaha, me ō rātou painga, ngoikoretanga, me ngā tono tino pai:

Ngā mea whakaū i ahu mai i te matakua roa nei e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga, inā koa mō ngā paipa me ngā kōtaha PVC pakari. Ko tō rātou ataahua kei roto i te pumau wera pai, te ātete kaha ki te huarere, me te utu iti. Ko ngā matū pēnei i te tribasic lead sulfate, te dibasic lead phosphite rānei, ka whakamahia pinepinetia i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga kotahi-pūkete kei roto ngā hinu whakahinuhinu, kia ngāwari ai te whakauru ki ngā tukanga extrusion. Mō ngā tono kore-mārama, kore-pa-kai—pēnei i ngā paipa waikeri, ngā kōtaha o roto rānei—ko ngā whakaū mata te mea nui i ngā wā o mua. Heoi, kua tata te mutunga o ā rātou rā i roto i ngā rohe maha. Ko ngā ture tino pakari pēnei i te REACH me te RoHS e whakawhāiti ana, e aukati ana rānei i ngā tāpiri mata nā runga i ngā āwangawanga taiao me te hauora. Nō reira, kei te neke haere ngā kaihanga ki ngā huarahi kē atu, inā koa mō ngā hua e hokona ana i te EU, Amerika Te Raki, me ētahi atu mākete kua whakahaeretia.

Ngā mea whakaū konupūmā-konutea (Ca-Zn)kua puta ake hei huarahi pai mō te taiao hei whakakapi i te mata. Ko ēnei matū kore-paitini, kore-mata, kua waiho hei paerewa mō ngā tono whakapūtanga maha, tae atu ki ngā paipa wai inu me ngā kōtaha o waho. Ko ngā whakapūtanga Ca-Zn hou, he maha ngā wā i hangaia hei pūnaha hiato, ka tuku i te pumau wera whakamiharo ina honoa ki ngā tāpiringa āwhina pēnei i te epoxides, i te phosphites rānei. Hei tauira, ka taea e te whakapūtanga Ca-Zn tino whai hua (pēnei i te karaehe RJ-702 e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi hanganga) i te 3.5 phr (ngā wāhanga mō ia rau kapia) te ārai i te kōwhai ahakoa i ngā pāmahana whakapūtanga teitei. Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua o ngā whakapūtanga Ca-Zn ko tōna hototahitanga ki ngā plasticizers hoa taiao pēnei i te DOTP, he mea nui mō te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga VOC iti me te kore-paitini. Heoi, he iti ō rātou herenga: ka raru pea ngā pūnaha Ca-Zn tuku iho ki te pumau wera mō te wā roa i te pito o runga o ngā pāmahana whakapūtanga (neke atu i te 190°C) ā, me mātua honoa te hinu whakahinuhinu kia kore ai e puta ngā raruraru pēnei i te pereti-waho, te mutunga mata kino rānei. Heoi anō, nā ngā whanaketanga o te hanga - pērā i te tāpiri i ngā wāhanga mahi tahi - kua pai ai ngā whakaū Ca-Zn mahi-teitei mō ngā tukanga whakaputanga uaua.

Ngā mea whakaū o te organotinKo te whiringa tino pai mō ngā tono e kore e taea te whiriwhiri i te mārama me te mahi teitei. Ko ngā matū pēnei i te methyltin, te octyltin rānei e tuku ana i te pumau wera tino pai, te māramatanga pai, me te iti o te hekenga, he mea pai mō ngā kōtaha PVC mārama, ngā paipa motuhake rānei. He rite hoki ki ngā whakaritenga a te FDA, koia te take e whakamahia ai i roto i ngā tono PVC pa-kai, ahakoa he nui te utu e whakawhāiti ana i tō rātou whakamahinga i roto i te hanga paipa me te kōtaha paerewa. Mō ngā tukanga whakaputa e hiahia ana ki te matapihi tukatuka whānui (arā, he nui ake te ngāwari ki te whakahaere pāmahana), he uaua ki te patu i ngā whakaū organotin. Heoi, ko te utu—he maha ngā wā e 3–5 ngā wā o te utu kē atu i te mata, i te Ca-Zn rānei—ko te tikanga he mea rāhui mō ngā hua uara nui kaua ki ngā paipa, ki ngā kōtaha rānei o ngā taonga.

Hei āwhina i te tiro i ngā taupatupatu, anei tētahi whakatairite tere o ngā momo whakaū matua e toru mō ngā tono extrusion:

Nā, me neke tātou ki te taha mahi: me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te whakaū PVC tika mō tō tukanga whakaputa, ahakoa he paipa, he kōtaha rānei kei te hanga. Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te whakataurite i tāu whiringa ki ngā whakaritenga ture. Mena kei te hoko koe ki te EU, ki Amerika Te Raki, ki ētahi atu mākete tino pakari rānei, kāore e whakaaetia ngā whakaū e ahu mai ana i te mata—tīmata ki te Ca-Zn, ki te organotin rānei. Mō ngā paipa wai inu, me whakarite hoki koe kia tutuki i ngā paerewa pēnei i te NSF/ANSI 61, e kī ana he iti te hekenga o ngā tāpiringa.

Muri iho, whakaarohia ngā āhuatanga o tō tukatuka. Ko ngā paipa PVC pakari e hiahia ana ki ngā pāmahana whakaputa teitei ake (180–200°C) i te nuinga o ngā kōtaha, nō reira me whai koe i tētahi mea whakaū me te pumau wera kaha. He pai ake te whiriwhiri i tētahi pūnaha Ca-Zn hiato me ngā epoxide synergists, i tētahi mea whakaū organotin mahi-teitei rānei i tētahi ranunga Ca-Zn taketake. Mena ka tere te rere o tō raina whakaputa i ngā tere teitei, he maha rānei ngā wā whakatā, rapua ngā mea whakaū e tuku ana i te hinu pai (hei whakaiti i te waku me te hanga wera) me ngā āhuatanga tiaki i te wā whakatā. Hei tauira, ko ētahi hanganga Ca-Zn kua hangaia hei ārai i te pirau hanga mate i te wā whakatā roa—he mea nui hei karo i te horoi utu nui me ngā hapa hua.

Ko ngā whakaritenga mahi hua tētahi atu āhuatanga matua. Me ātete ngā kōtaha o waho ki te UV hei ārai i te rerekētanga me te pirau mai i te rā, nō reira whiriwhiria he kete whakaū kei roto ko ngā mea mimiti UV (pēnei i te benzotriazoles) me ngā whakaū mārama amine ārai (HALS). Mō ngā paipa ka kawe i ngā wai waikura (pēnei i te rerenga wai ahumahi), he mea nui te whakaū he ātete matū pai—pēnei i te pūnaha Ca-Zn e ahu mai ana i te mata, i te pūnaha Ca-Zn mahi-teitei rānei. Ko ngā kōtaha mārama, i tētahi atu taha, me whai whakaū kāore e pā ki te mārama, e tohu ana ki te organotin, ki ngā whakaū Ca-Zn mārama rānei kua hangaia mō te wā motuhake.

He mea nui tonu te utu, engari he mea nui kia whakatauritea ngā utu o mua me te mahi roa. Ahakoa he iti te utu o ngā whakaū matū kei runga i te mata, ko te utu mō te kore tutuki i ngā whakaritenga (ngā whiu, ngā whakahokinga hua) me te kino o te ingoa pai ka nui ake i ngā penapena. He pai ngā whakaū matū Ca-Zn mō te nuinga o ngā tono: he iti ake te utu i te organotin, ā, e tutuki ana i ngā ture o te ao. He maha ngā kaihanga e kite ana ko te haumi ki tētahi whakaū matū Ca-Zn kounga teitei ka whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa katoa mā te whakaiti i ngā hapa (pēnei i te kōwhai, te pakarukaru rānei o ngā wāhanga) me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te tukanga.

Hei whakaatu i ēnei mātāpono i roto i te mahi, me titiro tātou ki tētahi tauira o te ao tūturu: te hanga mō te whakaputanga o ngā paipa wai inu. Ko te whāinga i konei ko te hanga i tētahi paipa kāore e paitini, he pakari, ā, e tutuki ana i te NSF/ANSI 61. Ko tētahi whakatakotoranga noa pea ko: te kapia PVC-SG5 100 phr, te DOTP 35 phr (whakapaipai taiao), te whakaū Ca-Zn hiato 3.5 phr (tohu whai hua teitei), te konupūmā kāponāte pania 20 phr (whakakī), me te EVA 0.3 phr (whakakotahi). Ka whakaratohia e te whakaū Ca-Zn hiato te pumau wera e tika ana hei tu atu i te whakaputanga i te 185–195°C, ko te DOTP me te EVA ka whakarite kia pai te rere o te rewa me te hototahi. Ko te mutunga he paipa e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa haumaru katoa, he maeneene te mata, ā, ka mau tonu ōna āhuatanga miihini mō ngā tekau tau.

Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te whakapūtanga o ngā kōtaha matapihi o waho. Me ātete ēnei kōtaha ki ngā pāmahana whakapūtanga teitei me te pānga roa o te hihi UV. Ko tētahi hanganga noa e whakamahi ana i tētahi whakapūtanga Ca-Zn hiato e honoa ana ki ngā mimiti UV me ngā HALS. Kua hangaia te kete whakapūtanga hei ārai i te hekenga wera i te wā o te whakapūtanga (170–185°C) me te whakaroa i te koroheketanga i puta mai i te hihi UV. Mā te tāpiri i tētahi wāhanga hinu whakahinuhinu ki te whakapūtanga ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te rere rewa me te whakaiti i te waku, ka hua ake he kōtaha he āhua ōrite me te mata kanapa. Ka tutuki i tēnei hanganga ngā whakaritenga REACH, ā, ka whakarite kia kore ngā kōtaha e kōwhai, e pakarukaru rānei ahakoa kua maha ngā tau e pāngia ana e te rā.

Hei whakamutunga, he mea tika kia mōhio ko te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu mō te whakapūmau he mahi tahi me tētahi kaiwhakarato rongonui. He ahurei ia raina whakaputanga - ka pāngia te mahi a te whakapūmau e ngā taputapu rerekē, ngā taumata kapia, me ngā tawhā tukatuka. Ka mahi tahi tētahi kaiwhakarato pai me koe ki te whakarite i tētahi kete whakapūmau kia rite ki ō hiahia, me te whakarato i ngā pepa raraunga hangarau (TDS) me te tautoko i te papaanga. Ka taea hoki e rātou te āwhina i a koe ki te whakatere i te whenua ture uaua, me te whakarite kia tutuki i ō hua ngā paerewa ā-rohe me te ao katoa.

Ko ngā whakapūmau PVC ngā toa rongonui o te tukatuka whakaputa mō ngā paipa me ngā kōtaha. Ka hurihia e rātou te kapia kāore e pumau te pāmahana hei rauemi pakari, whai hua hoki e tika ana mō te hanganga hou. I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi whakapūmau PVC mō te whakaputa, arotahi ki te tutuki i ngā ture, ngā tikanga tukatuka, ngā whakaritenga mahi hua, me te taurite utu. Mō te nuinga o ngā tono i ēnei rā, ka tukuna e ngā whakapūmau Ca-Zn hiato te huinga pai rawa atu o te mahi, te tutuki, me te uara. Mā te mārama ki ō hiahia me te mahi tahi me tētahi kaiwhakarato pono, ka taea e koe te whakarite kia pai te rere o tō tukanga whakaputa, kia tutuki i ō hua ngā paerewa teitei, ā, kia whiwhi ō kiritaki i te pakari e tumanakohia ana e rātou.